Siegfried Kohlhammer
The enemies and the friends of Islam first time in Mercury, No. 558/559, Sept. / Oct. Again in 1995 published in the Mercury, No. 631, Nov. 2,001th there is no longer online), 2004 in the old sickle published courtesy of Mercury)
corn qui a peur de la Terreur?
Robespierre
The claim of the enemy
Since the early nineties, is in the Federal Republic of Germany notes the existence of a new enemy image in the West and complained - of Islam. In the SZ of 16 February 1991 report to the Professor of Oriental Studies at the University of Tübingen, Heinz Halm, was built in the West as the new enemy to Islam. As evidence of this two authors are cited: Gerhard Konzelmann and Peter Scholl-Latour. On the "non-fiction" of the "laity" Konzelmann errors are criticized, and especially his view that it was always the target of Islam to Islamization of the world. This point is also raised against Scholl-Latour, but in which the "historical facts in general, carefully researched (are)." From other Western countries will stem from no evidence for his thesis. And why "a new enemy image is painted on the wall"? According to Halm for it is "obviously a need ... since the old Cold War not quenched. "
found in the following years this argument, or simply the assertion of widespread demonization of the Islamic repeated in German newspaper and magazine articles and books. At a Munich conference of NATO countries in February 1992 warned the foreign policy spokesman of the SPD, Norbert Gansel, about to set up Islamic fundamentalism as the new enemy, and Willy Wimmer throws from the Ministry of Defence to the West, to have responded to the Algerian FIS as nervous as to the establishment of the Soviet SS-20 missiles in the eighties. In an article in Time (November 20, 1992) explains Fritz Stephens, Islamic scholar at the Free University Berlin, that many Muslims out of a sense of dependency and threat tend to "see himself surrounded by enemies who want to harm them because of their religion evil - much like in the West, Islam is sometimes portrayed as an enemy flat. These enemies are dangerous. "In the edition of 18 June 1993 advertises the time for her magazine Islam - enemy of the West: "After the end of the Cold War, many keep on the lookout for a new enemy - at least for a new enemy. Islam lends itself to ... But creepy panic and terrible simplification ", the reader learns to his surprise -" misplaced "on 29. April 1994 warns Helmut Schmidt in his paper before the "danger that - after the cessation of the Soviet empire - the West is a new, anti-Islamic enemy creates." One reason Schmidt sees the following: "With few exceptions, we know Europeans almost nothing about Islam, we hardly hear him,"
A month later warn the federal foreign minister and his Dutch colleague Kooijmans before, "after demWegfall of the East-West conflict. establish Islam as the new enemy in Europe. " Islam should not be equated with extremism and fundamentalism. The Islamic world must be engaged. "We still" too little about Sun Kinkel.1
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1 The fact that the West is not from Islam, the Islamic cultures and countries know, is repeated in the East as West ad nauseam stereotype, which proves one thing: that you know nothing about the relevant institutions and departments in the West, the vast and unmanageable number of publications - from the literature on the non-fiction expert authors or as lark Hottinger up to the often well-researched reports and analysis in the media. See Daniel Easterman, New Jerusalem. Reflections on Islam, Fundamentalism and the Rushdie Affair. London: Grafton 1992: "The output of serious academic publications about Islam has grown in the West to the dimensions of a small industry. The same can not be said for serious work on Western religion within Islam "-. The fact that the ratio of Christian Europe to the Islamic world with hatred, misunderstanding and ignorance was intended, is wrong. This view is based more on self-hatred and ignorance of their own history. See Maxime Rodinson, The fascination of Islam. Munich: Beck 1991f.
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much is clear, however, "we Western Europeans have the> enemy to oppose Islam 'in Europe' said Thomas Hartmann, the taz (March 7, 1995), The "enemy image of Islam is currently maintained dangerous," says Gernot Rotter at the time (May 12, 1995). The conviction that this enemy is a threat seems to have now spread so far that it can be used as a science of political pressure to establish a chair of Islamic art history shows "This is especially crucial today, which in the public to enemy to leave Islam evolving relationship with the Islamic world bestowed a historical correction - in which area would be to make this more understandable and more persuasive than ? Demonize not in art "(Claus-Peter Haase in the SZ of 18 February 1995)" Islam "titled Wolfgang Günter Lerch (FAZ, 28 December 1994) his comment about the hijacking by Algerian Islamists, 2
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2 I the words (Islamic) fundamentalists and Islamists use interchangeably. The differences between traditional Islamic fundamentalists (eg Saudi Arabia), Neofundamentalisten (eg, Sudan, Algeria's FIS) and Islamists (including Iran) are not important for my thoughts.
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in these three hostages killed and the blast of the machine had planned on Paris. One of the best German-occupied Middle East correspondent in the face of terror directed against Europe in the first instance the concern that a negative view of Islam is reinforced by his people - what it was during the whole period of the kidnapping no symptoms. One seems perhaps in response to the killing Resulting image of the enemy in Western minds the spirit guards threatening than the killing itself: "In Algeria, is" murder, is Elisabeth Endres be truthful (SZ, July 20, 1994), "no one, the attacks in Algiers palliate want. But the greater danger to the European mentality represents the old-new anti-Islamism, the distorted reality internalized and produced an unreal image devil. "A" seamless enemy change "Jakob Augstein in the SZ (21 January 1995) notes. »Is soon driven out of communism, the West has with Islam, his new demon. In the World Trade Center parking garage is flying in the air, Algerian terrorists planned to Christmas, the explosion of an Air France "machine over Paris. By trifles such as a garage and damaged a failed attack any Algerian terrorists can persuade the West to demonize Islam. But in World Trade Center was not only damage the garage: 1042 people were injured, six died (and that there were no more, was not in the good will of Islamist terrorists). The Algerian fundamentalists have failed not only with their plan, with its murder of three people they were successful. Statements of Bonn security experts that Islamist terrorists are now dangerous for Germany when the Red Army Faction are in Augstein ado cited as evidence of the enemy image of Islam.
The paucity of evidence
striking about the articles and public statements made in Germany, before the "enemy image Islam, "warning, the inadequacy of their evidence that this enemy is at all widespread. The suspicion that the existence of the enemy is Islam proved substantially with the speech of the enemy image of Islam reinforced when one of the documents in Andrea Lueg's essay "The enemy image of Islam in the Western Öffentlichkeit3 ---------- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------- 3 Jochen Hippler and Andrea Lueg (Eds.), demonizing Islam. Hamburg: Specifically Literaturverlag 1993rd
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reviewed. Lueg cited at least 41 articles and books, as well as a lecture, but of which only a third as a direct material evidence for her theory can serve the remaining two thirds are working, which in turn represent the thesis of the enemy image of Islam. But even that third proves on closer inspection to be inconclusive. could thus be "from the Spiegel article Our march has begun" (February 1, 1993) of the sentence cited "Soon Europe have a fanatical theocracy before the front door," because, as Lueg writes, "Muslims from all over the world to their fellow believers to the Balkans would come to the rescue. " In the Spiegel article, but Algeria is meant: If the FIS succeed the infiltration of the Algerian armed forces, a Western diplomat, "'then The days of government count - and the European Community has an Islamic republic on the doorstep; Islamic threat, '"on the part of the mirror,'" Der Spiegel speaks of Islamic "fundamentalists" do not Lueg from Islam makes it the assertion of a ".>. The same kind of twisting and distortion happens to the paper by Jürgen Liminski Europe's threat of Islamic radicalism (Parliament, 10th-17th January 1992). While the enemy-Islam critics warn strongly against equating the fundamentalist / Islamist with Islam, they must repeatedly criticism of Islamic fundamentalism as evidence of an enemy image of Islam. In the Spiegel article mentioned are not only internationally recognized Islamic scholars like Ernest Gellner and Bassam Tibi to speak, but also enemy-Islam critics such as John L. Esposito, Heinz Halm and Udo Steinbach. Islam is an enemy image out of the question - whether Islamism is really a threat to the West, the article leaves open.
incited breeding is another Spiegel article titled (Nov 23, 1992), cites as evidence for the lies that in the West "with a preference of> militant Muslims ',' religious fanatics 'or a' religiously incited Brut \u0026lt;talk (is). " But this quote, the mirror - it is about Egypt reported - the left-wing weekly newspaper El-Ahali taken, in which the Egyptian government is criticized for not admit for years wanted to, "that the religiously incited hatching a serious threat not only to the lives of individuals but for the existence of our whole society is." A critique of Islam in an Islamic country serves as proof of an enemy image of Islam in the West. The assimilation of criticism of abuses in Islamic countries and cultures among the enemy-Islam-criticism leads to lie to embarrassing apologetics, such as in the section "Women in Islam. One of her evidence, the Spiegel article sticks in the cross, child in the belly (Oct 29, 1990), which deals mainly with the problems of Turkish women in Germany. Here, too, quoted only need in this case, a Turkish proverb that says that a woman "a stick in the back and a child in the belly". Then continues the mirror: "This is Islam in its origin not hostile to women ... Actually, Islam is a religion was, which is> in a surprisingly modern way dealt with the rights of women, "writes the Turkish Naila Minai." Lueg no single specific objection brings to the detailed documentation of the violence of Turkish men against Turkish women and against the argument of the article - instead, She refers to the "violence of German men. . 'It appears that the stereotype is of the oppressed Muslim woman to divert attention from abuses in our own society "
Not more than three texts have the heavy burden of proof of an enemy image of Islam in the non-German" Western public into ": an article in the Economist, mentioned a book by Frenchman Jean-Claude Barreau, and an American author, whose titles without bibliographical information is - this has obviously not read Lueg. But Hippler / Lueg it is also not about the precise empirical description, analysis and criticism of a non-existent problem, it's about the exhibitionism of virtue. The thesis of the enemy image of Islam evil is imagined, from which one can distance themselves for the propagation of one's own moral capital indignantly. Also a sense of collective guilt in the crusades, colonialism, neo-colonial exploitation and racism antiarabischem may play a role: with the warning of the enemy image of Islam is publicly announced that one of the evil machinations of his collective and prejudice is not involved. And by taking all Westerners in world-historical guilt by association, the enemy-Islam Reminder play the beneficial role of guards.
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4 See, however, the investigation Arab and Israeli textbooks in David K. Shipler, Arab and Jew.Wounded Spirits in a Promised Land. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books 1987th
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It would also certainly a good idea to distinguish the term "enemy image" of terms such as prejudice, stereotype, stereotype and criticism. That in relation to Islam - for Buddhism and the Vatican - are prejudices and stereotypes, it can be assumed without any real knowledge. This is our intellectual normal state as long as we are dealing not with an intense thing. But this constitutes no enemy.
Furthermore it seems to me recommended to distinguish an "enemy image of Islam" of xenophobia and racism, but they concern a very real problem in Western countries. The hostility and violent assaults to murder, to which people are exposed to Islamic faith on the part of many people in the west, are generally non-religious, anti-Islamic, motivated, but by xenophobia and racism. to bring a Christian Arabs (or Vietnamese, or black Africans), the neo-Nazis by referring to his Christian faith by violence hoped, would probably cause only derisive laughter.
makes things really any better - it will change somewhat, procedure is preferably made from the real causes. The talk of the enemy image of Islam but they verundeutlicht and distracts from it.
Unlike in Islamic countries, the religion in the West, none of the primary perception, evaluation and distinctive categories more: The (Muslim) of Indonesian troops from the (Christian) population of East Timor massacres (about 200,000 deaths) are not as a struggle of Muslims against Christians perceived and condemned, but as human rights violations. Both in the case of Christian Ethiopia as that of the Muslim Somalia caused the misery of the population, a huge wave of helpfulness, and under pressure from public Last but not UN troops - mostly from the West - used in Somalia. The war in former Yugoslavia as the "Western public" clearly on the side of the predominantly Muslim Bosnian government - against the Christian Serbs, and the willingness of the Germans just against the Bosnian Muslims is praised by Muslims. The massacre of Christians in southern Sudan by the Muslim troops of the Central Government have been and are perceived as a civil war or human rights violations (if any), not as a religious war. The discrimination of Christian Copts in Egypt and their violent persecution replaced by fundamentalist Muslims in the West No special or even anti-Islamic outrage.
That the policy was determined by Western countries of "fully developed" enemy image of Islam, but also do not claim Hippler / Lueg. In the last essay of the book and the conclusions they make rather explicitly that it is not the case. "It is strange. In practical politics of the Western States it often seems that the enemy image of Islam has no or only a minor role played" It is strange indeed. It says on page 184: "Rather pleased with the conclusion that Western foreign policy rationally to the Middle East," the reader learns at the following Side, "that the Western media, journalists and politicians to an irrational attitude to Islam or Islamism tend." The world is complicated enough, you have to, do they also complicate through enemy-inventions? "Self-made enemy is to attack not a criticism, but demagogy," explained Hippler / Lueg. "After all, it is important to change reality, not fantasy." Where they are right, they are right.
the West needs an enemy?
The thesis of the new enemy image of Islam, which has replaced the old communist enemy sounds plausible but is wrong. The western companies are in principle unheroic and secular societies of the compromise that will live on your knees rather than die without honor. "Here I stand, I can do differently." It is one of interests, not of virtue and faith-driven, an a-moral society, as Gellner has called them, their goal is not "perfect virtue", but "the reduction of inconvenience "5
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5 Ernest Gellner, Conditions of Liberty. Civil Society and Its Rivals. London: Hamish Hamilton 1994th
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The economic and political interests of Western countries makes an enemy image of Islam is not necessary or recommended, either abroad or domestically. In many Western countries - especially France, Britain and Germany - there are large and growing Muslim minorities, of which a significant number of the citizenship of these countries hat.Will the Western secular society does not give up as such, they must be connected to the integration of this Muslims are interested, be it on the model of assimilation, multiculturalism or what else. The production and promotion of an anti-Islamic enemy image are clearly prepared not suitable and would possibly civil war-like conditions evoke what none of the relevant social groups is interested. The governments of Western countries tolerate Islamist organizations and individuals advocating openly anti-Western and anti-constitutional or legal goals and actively pursue. Also, domestic politics will therefore preferred as a rule, even in these cases, the appeasement strategy of confrontation.
The real existing Islam
"All regimes in the world of Islam are in varying degrees," authoritarian, despotic, Bassam writes Tibi.6 ---------------- -------------------------------------------------- -------- 6 Bassam Tibi, a war of civilizations. Politics and religion, between reason and fundamentalism. Hamburg: Hoffmann und Campe 1995th
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"There is not in the Arab world there is a single democratic regime," not a constitutional state, head of the taz a paper by Hicham Ben Abdallah al-Alawi, a (Le Monde diplomatique, July 14, 1995). "Only the Arab world - which does not even have a single elected mayor - has Remained immune from serious democratic experiment," says David Lamb's The Arabs.7
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7 David Lamb, The Arabs. Journeys Beyond the Mirage. New York: Vintage Books 1988
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the left-liberal New Statesman & Society (February 23, 1991) writes Stephen Howe "Is not it the whole region is a cultural desert, not their most creative minds into exile, have been driven into sycophancy or into silence? If the dictatorship almost everywhere, and not the mass opposition is based on democratic values rather than on archaic religious, ethnic exclusion and revenge fantasies? If they do not all that harping on past glory ... only the fact openly that it goes downhill for centuries? And Saddam's Iraq is the result of a specific Iraq's misery or just symptomatic of the low point of a comprehensive Arab pathology? "
published in late 1994, the New York human rights organization Freedom House, an assessment on the state of democratic freedoms and human rights in the world in 1994. Not one of the Arab countries was one of the "free" countries, the majority of the "not free", the rest of the "partly free". (Sub-Saharan Africa has at least five "free countries" in Asia, East Asia with Japan and South Korea two, Central and South America eleven). "Despotism tempered by assassination" - Richard Burton, the formula is still true today for the government forms the Islamic world. It seems to make no difference whether the country secular or fundamentalist / Islamist republic or monarchy. Iraq uses as well as fundamentalist regime's barbaric Sharia punishment for theft and adds it still added the branding of deserters and the amputation of the ears. Public executions were held in Iran and in Saudi Arabia, Syria and Iraq. And how Islam threatens the death penalty to apostates, the Baathist regime of Saddam Hussein, the person who left the Baath Party and wants to join another organization. How to call the fundamentalists for the assassination of their claims are not descendants rulers, so Gaddafi the murder of the fundamentalists, and Syria's President Assad responded to the violence and killings of the local Muslim Brotherhood with the massacre of Hama in February 1982 that killed at least ten thousand people died. Ethnic and religious minorities are widely discriminated against in the Muslim world or even prosecuted. The annual reports of Amnesty International says in "not one of the 46 Islamic countries ... in the Declaration of Human Rights of 1948 stated rights "respektiert.8
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8 Bassam Tibi, In the Shadow of Allah. Islam and human rights. Munich: Piper 1994th
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This should not be equated with Islam, is drummed into us, anyway, there is not Islam. Islam in fact draw on the historical and through tolerance. Now is tolerance in the modern sense, as the recognition and equal before the law the same (religious, political, ethnic and cultural, racial) in the other neither Islam nor in the history of Islam - or most others, including the pre-modern christlichen9
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9 The Catholic Church has until the second half of the 20th Century to terms with the concept of tolerance.
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countries. Currently of interest and important is the question: How tolerant Islamic countries today are against religious and ethnic minorities? How tolerant is the real existing Islam? To what extent does it respect human rights? The three examples against which I would like to answer this question, may at least raise doubts about the unbearable airbrushed image we are the apologists of Islam `al'eau de rose sale wollen.10
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10 The phrase comes from Jean-Pierre P'eroncel-Hugoz, Raft of Mahomet. Paris: Flammarion 1984th
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And the anxious question of whether to raise the real existing Islam is an enemy of the West and in this sense is not actually an enemy image of Islam that is realistic and desirable.
That also governed under the state land such as Egypt is still considered relatively liberal, is, should we look at its Islamic neighbors - Libya, Sudan, Saudi Arabia - not so surprising. The large number of fundamentalist groups in Egypt and their influence on government and society are known. Less well known is that the violence of many of these groups not only against the modest remains of the secular Egyptian government and the liberal intelligentsia addressed, but against the Christian minority, the Copts. How many Copts living in Egypt, is controversial - the Egyptian government is very much lower figures than the Copts themselves and refuses to carry out a census. What is certain is that lives in Egypt, the largest Christian minority in a Muslim country, about five to seven million, maybe even ten. They are a de jure as de facto discriminated minority, which is also exposed to the violent persecution by Islamic fundamentalists and some of the Muslim population, whereas the Egyptian authorities have not granted their inadequate protection, but in many cases is an accomplice of this persecution.
The atmosphere of fear, threats and deadly violence in the life of the Copts in Egypt is vividly described in a report Shyam Bhatia in the Observer (June 5, 1994), which deals with the forcible abduction of young women and girls and their forced conversion to Islam by Muslim fundamentalists and the inaction or complicity of state authorities about. According to a British human rights group and Coptic Christians while rape also increasingly playing a role. make good the loss is accompanied by the honor of the family, and this only by the death of the woman - in the point that with the loss of virginity before marriage - whether forced or not is, the Copts and Muslims seem to agree. In the context of this in the body and behavior of women-centered concept of honor is also used by Saddam Hussein planned and systematic rape as an instrument of his reign of terror eingesetzt.11
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11 See Kanan Makiya, Cruelty and Silence. War, Tyranny, Uprising and the Arab World. Harmondsworth: Penguin 1994th
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A Coptic community leader estimates the number of forced conversions to Islam to 7000 to 10000 Hundreds of them, so Shyam Bhatia, "after sexual abuse at the hands of Muslim men." Shireen Farid Mikhail is the age of twelve kidnapped by Muslim fundamentalists, who say her father a few days later by telephone that his daughter had converted to Islam. The police refused to deal with the case at all and the court, which eventually will be prepared maps, after a farce of negotiating the registration of Shireen as a Muslim by local authorities: a clear violation of the law, because in Egypt to minors their religion does not change. The British human rights group registered complaints against the Copts, the Egyptian authorities refused this, forced into the cases - through rape - to convert to Islam for the victims and their families are active.
The number of Christians in Pakistan is only four percent, which the Islamists, there is apparently still too much. Pakistani Christians complain "about the destruction of churches and villages" by Islamic extremists, said Eberhard Haubold in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (20 February 1995). Amnesty International criticized Pakistan in July 1994 because of "abuse of the blasphemy law on the persecution of religious minorities and that taking" extremist groups the law into their own hands and attacking members of religious minorities (or their lawyers) who violate or kill ". In the escalation of the blasphemy law and its increasing use of the growing influence of Islamists coming to the Muslim population and the government. A Christian parliamentarians that Jesus was the Son of God called, looks today because of this blasphemy punishable by the death penalty. In 1927, the same crime - under a law of the colonial period, the violation of religious feelings, puts a penalty punishable by a maximum of two years in prison. Golden times! In 1986 the penalty of Zia ul-Haq was extended to ten years, from which then a life sentence and was finally on the recommendation of the Supreme Islamic Court, the death penalty. It is simply not the case that some extremists with a tolerant Islamic Republic of Pakistan to bring discredit Islam and Muslims themselves are in Pakistan, as Haubold wrote, "militant and fundamentalist" has become. The religious intolerance directed against the Christians but by no means only, but also against other Muslims and the Shiites and Muslim sects, which are regarded as heretical as the Ahmediyas, which in 1974 declared non-Muslims and increasingly disenfranchised. They have been forbidden by law to call themselves Muslims. 2432 Ahmadis were charged under this law in 1993, six cases of blasphemy.
At a meeting of the UN Human Rights Commission in early March In 1994 it came to a violent confrontation in Sudan accused the UN monitors Professor Gaspar Biro, a Hungarian lawyer who blasphemy. Biro had come to the conclusion that the fundamentalist government of President Omar Hassan Ahmad al-Bashir of Sudan, according to Islamic law, the penalties designed - also signed by Sudan - human rights treaties injured. The Sudanese law that "an individual for a group to be executed, and" a group for an individual, had attracted mainly Biros displeasure. The accusation of blasphemy, he had been concerned because he was of the view that the fact that this or that law derived from the Koran was irrelevant, it only go to the compatibility with the Sudan also signed international agreements. The Sudanese Justice Minister and Attorney General Abdul Aziz Shiddo saw it differently. He described Biros report as "satanic and that even as" an enemy "of Islam, which is the" blasphemy am "guilty as he criticizes the Koran, the Word of God, derived laws. Biros report "reflects a vicious attack on fundamental principles of Islamic penal legislation and against Islamic faith in general." The government-controlled Sudanese press presented Biro on a par with Salman Rushdie.
enemy propagandist Biro-Islam had in its first report had made the human rights situation in Sudan, "a bleak picture" of a decade-long civil war between the Islamic north and the animist south-torn country's drawn, in which both sides enschenrechtsverletzungen guilty in a large scale. Half a year before a committee of Congress had asked the UN Security Council to impose an arms embargo on Sudan and accused the (fundamentalist) Sudanese military government of serious human rights violations. The Committee heard from the witnesses stated that more people suffer and die in Sudan than in Bosnia or Somalia. According to the chairman of the committee will be a whole generation attention of southern Sudanese in one of the least extinguished civil wars in the world. In recent years, there were more than 500000Menschen alone from disease and hunger gestorben.12
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12 To Sudan among the fundamentalists in particular see Bassam Tibi, The conspiracy. The trauma of Arab politics. Munich: dtv 1994: "The disintegration of the Sudan government is similar to the situation in former Yugoslavia, especially the northern Sudanese Islamic fundamentalists similar deal with its enemies like the Serbs and Muslims and Croats in Bosnia-Herzegovina"
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The human rights group African Rights submitted in July 1995 before a 350seitigen report, Facing Genocide: The Nuba of Sudan. In it, the Sudanese government is accused of gross human rights violations, to also use the rape as a means of Arabization. The seventeen year-old Fawzia Jibreel had been taken prisoner with fifteen members of her family, but could not escape after three months. She reports: "After dark, the soldiers came and took the girls to their rooms and raped them. I was taken and raped, but I refused, too> of them get married \u0026lt;... If a woman is raped by four or five men, cries she in pain. Then leave the soldiers alone if they are good-natured. But other to beat, so it is quiet, and move on. It was impossible to count the men who raped me. «13
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13 All quotations by Julie Flint, The Independent on Sunday, July 23, 1995th
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These reports are similar in part to the last detail which of the victims of "ethnic cleansing" in Bosnia. In the human rights violations in Egypt, Pakistan, Sudan and Bosnia, the principle of assimilation of the individual realized by the ethnic and / or religious group and the principle of the sublime of all the rights of their own collective superiority over the other - the Arabs and the Nubians of Serbs or Bosnian Muslims, the Muslims or the Orthodox believers and other religions. "An individual shall be executed for a group and a group for an individual." Professor Biro was probably not far off when he is not compatible with the principle of human rights was looking at. "In the eyes of Muslims, there is a collective of humanity ... think only in this category may be a sign of a pre-modern culture "(Tibi, In the Shadow of Allah).
Even in the Islamic world has apparently largely never been able to put a thinking that all winning bids for inalienable human rights. Equal to all people can be just as Muslims - and if they are men. The principled and God-given superiority of Muslims by Muslims was never seriously in question and consequential - as opposed to the Christians, although historically they may show a more extensive list of sins. The tolerance practiced in Islamic countries was never in principle equal to others but granted only to certain groups a right to exist in an inferior status. That was certainly better than they enslave or kill, but no tolerance in the modern sense. "Islam prevails, He is not controlled "(such a hadith) - tertium non datur.
Muslims as victims
excused the injustice done to other Muslims by the Bosnian Muslims or diminish the wrong done not in the least. But the outrage of the Islamic world seems just not to be based out of breaches in Bosnia against human rights - no matter whether they are dealing with Muslims or Christians, Bosnians or Serbs, men or women - but that there Muslims being done by non-Muslims wrong. At a press conference in Sarajevo had Christmas 1992 the UN Secretary General Boutros-Ghali out that fourteen places derWelt in, give in the situation was worse than in Sarajevo. This was, as noted John Simpson in the Spectator (July 23, 1994), "not tactful, but" true. (Simpson then went to one of these fourteen places - in Angola Cuito -. And it found that there was indeed much worse than in Sarajevo) Boutros-Ghali had to criticize the Western journalists do, said Simpson, whose obsession with Sarajevo is based solely on that it was a European city. But what explains the obsession of the Islamic world with Sarajevo or Bosnia? The number of victims, the heinousness of the crime, the vulnerability of the people can it, as I said do not be. As would be enough in the Islamic world, where objects of care - from Algeria and Mauritania and Somalia to the Sudan to Afghanistan and East Timor. That the Muslims all over the world to worry, of course, especially the suffering of Muslims, is of course not (of course it is in the context of religious or ethnic collective thinking and feeling), the West would be the argument that we as Christians or atheists focused on the suffering of Christians and atheists or people who share our values should take care of, can hardly be accepted. It is also claimed not hardly even and especially by most Christians. Above all, show the real Assistance of Western countries that they are essentially on the degree of need and human rights violations, not those of religious, racial, ethnic or civilizational criteria. Muslim earthquake victims in the Islamic Republic of Iran or in Cairo will also be helped as the black Christians in Rwanda or in the Stalinist Ethiopia.
What causes the case Bosnia's the passionate indignation of the Muslims, but is not the mere fact that there Muslims expelled, raped and killed - that was so as not sufficient to trigger a broad wave of sympathy for the Kurds or Kuwait or nor surprising, for Afghanistan. Why is everywhere in the Islamic world for Sarajevo, but not collected for Kabul? In the same period in which 10,000 people were killed in Sarajevo, it was in Kabul 12000th The nominal prime minister and fundamentalist Hekmatyar blocked food supplies, forcing aid agencies to negotiate with each transport him - as the leader of the Bosnian Serbs Karad ¡zi'c.
The reason for the widespread indifference in the Islamic world to the suffering of Muslims in Afghanistan seems to lie in this: It can not be in the scheme of kreuzzüglerischen West and it tracks Muslims place in the paranoid conspiracy thinking of an organized crusade by the West to the extinction of Islam. This scheme may explain also the strange phenomenon that are not available to the responsible of the Muslims committed crimes Bosnian Serbs and their assistants, Milo ¡sevi'cs hull Yugoslavia and Russia, the main object of outrage, but the West, and financially the brunt the UN operation to protect the people of Bosnia with. The West, said the accusation go, the important thing to prevent the establishment of a Muslim state in Europe.
The war in Bosnia makes it so the Muslims around the world, as a persecuted innocence, be seen as victims - which is the best reason to resist with all his might against his persecutors and destroy them before they can destroy a: After the Rushdie affair, the English fundamentalist Shabbir Akhtar wrote in the Guardian (March 5 1989), the Muslims have reason to believe that the Crusades are not over. It seemed still a "conspiracy of the West to give." "But whatever it is that acts of who the next time, if there are gas chambers in Europe, will find it is beyond doubt." In one of Rushdie virus infected Europe should the Muslims there seriously either emigration or the Holy War considered. The insidious and cruel one thinks the conspiracy of the enemy, the more legitimate, indeed compelling given seem appropriate countermeasures. On 14 February 1994 Yasmin Alibhai-Brown in the Independent with their thoughts before the situation of British Muslims, five years after the Rushdie fatwa: "All over Europe with the spread of white tribalism and nationalism, the Muslims, the main object of hatred and violence has become. And then the horrors of Bosnia! Even the cautious Muslim now sees through the sophistry and hypocrisy of the 'New World Order "and makes connections between Bradford and Bosnia. What then, as the academics as Shabbir Akhtar by Muslims potential . Holocaust victims, said to be an absurd apocalyptic utterance seems, has become in four years to a real possibility, "It does not seem superfluous to point out that in Bradford - the place of public burning of The Satanic Verses, in addition to Birmingham, the highest proportion of Muslims in the population has - either the British army, the Muslims nor anyone else sells, raped, murdered. Unlike the minority in almost all Islamic countries, they enjoy religious freedom and the protection of the (English) --------------------------- Gesetze.14
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14 to a realistic Assessment see Philip Lewis, Islamic Britain. Religion, Politics and Identity among British Muslims. London: IB Tauris 1994th - Even when Arab nationalism turned Maxime Rodinson (The Arabs Frankfurt: Suhrkamp 1981.) Firmly: "The Arab Nation ... has always wanted the best and is always the innocent victims of evil of other nations have been "The Arab people regarded themselves primarily as victims -. and by the 'critical West' ... considered as such. "
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Although Muslims in England in xenophobia and racism have to suffer, a comparison with the situation of Jews in the Third Reich is totally inadequate.
comes to fantasies of the Western conspiracy but an almost childlike narcissism expressed. It's all about Islam to annihilate the Muslims, him, to put them into the gas chambers. The West always thinks of me, a Muslim. Sun reigns of Islam, though not in England or France, yet in the minds of the English or French: "'The British establishment ... will never be satisfied until they take us away from our religion, '"quoted Alibhai-Brown militant anti-Semitic fundamentalists - the attitude of the British establishment as the overwhelming majority of these imWesten Question could be more likely with the dictum "Frankly, damn my dear, I do not give a description,". The phantasm of the enemy image of Islam dominated the West for the persecuted innocence dissolves more and more bitterness, of violent aggression, greater militancy.
The West is guilty
In the published by them demonizing Islam Leave Hippler / Lueg introduction: "In the semi-official weekly newspaper, The Parliament they had recently come so far, the Islamic countries> face the free world '. "'The Free World -. That's us," This way of thinking is to criticize the theme of her book. Although Hippler also noted that the Middle East, "almost free democracy (is)" - that "refers almost" probably refers to Israel - but that seems to him no reason to face him in the free world. Democracy is not synonymous with freedom, it is at another enemy-Islam-critic, Richard Webster. Because it "is based on a law code that in turn consists of the selective deprivation of freedom. It would be quite wrong to see in this respect, an absolute difference between a totalitarian society and a democracy. "15 -------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- --------- 15 Richard Webster, heirs of hatred. The Rushdie affair and its consequences. Munich: Knesebeck 1992nd Webster Anarcho-anarchist ideology - that one can not speak of real freedom, if not allowed to do all everything - fits well to level of significant differences between members of different social systems or cultures in the enemy-Islam critics. The Anarcho-anarchist ideology, according to yes, all men are basically a heart and a soul and are held only on external Plunder and the machinations of the rulers (borders, states, legal formality, Pfaff fraud or media propaganda) from a harmonic self-determined, multi-cultural coexistence. - Seems more plausible that it in the event of conflict between civilizations is not thereby compromise and an agreement is that it denies the differences or trivialized. In numerous articles and books on the Islamic world and the enemy image of Islam so apologetic combines with anti-Western attitude of indifference or ignorance or even compared to material differences between the two worlds.
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the Iraq Saddam Hussein may be a typical product of traditional, on clan and family and patron-client relationship is the basis of Arab power politics view, the ideological and political apparatus (Baath party, parliament, judiciary etc.), only a pseudo-modern facade represents, as a radical praetorian system or a version of oriental despotism ... But as "an image of the West," as Udo Steinbach, director of the German Orient Institute in Hamburg, in the Mirror (January 20, 1992) writes, as "blind imitation of development policy" of the West? And the West is not just for Steinbach in the Iraq of Saddam Hussein's fault, but can also be the same or to "200 years of stagnation" in Islamic countries since there 1798.Wenn (Napoleon in Egypt) stagnation of the speech, then, according to Roger Owen primarily for the period from 1500 to 1800. Owen calls the period between 1800 and 1850 »the Age" of reform: political, military ökonomisch.16
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16 Roger Owen, The Middle East in the World Economy. 1800-1914. London: Methuen 1981st
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misunderstanding with resignation Dieter Senghaas that the development crisis caused in the developing countries from the West is, "is somehow invincible, and in him reveals a surprising ignorance of economic history" 17
-------------------------. -------------------------------------------------- ---------- 17
Dieter Seng Haas, The reality of the culture wars. In: Leviathan, No. 2, 1995.
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Similar Steinbach Robert Fisk makes the West for the problems the Islamic countries responsible. When asked about the reasons for the cruelty of the Algerian civil war, he cites the view of colleagues is likely to have "132 years of brutal French repression and the terrible war of one indelible culture spawned the violence." This is a disturbing phenomenon that non-Westerners as cruel as Westerners can be classified in the explanatory scheme: the colonialist West is to blame.
Fisk also demonstrates how to make even the inferior position of women in Islamic countries, the West is responsible: the power of despots subject is the only Muslim man in the house of Lord and Master, he considers himself to his oppression and humiliation to the women without damage. Freedom of women would therefore be free of all by the abolition of despotism. However, this is Derwen: "We need these dictators, as friends and as enemies, Largely because they do our bidding" (Independent, 13 September 1994) is about equal rights for Muslim women that is held in the capitals of the West. Maybe we need but no Concerned about the oppression of women in the Islamic world make. Vittora Alliatas harem. The freedom behind the veil is now in 9th Circulation before and describes the publisher, the harem as a "place of female dignity and self-awareness, the protection against the threat" by the modern civilization "of the West. Malise Ruthven could be of the opinion that the re-Islamization "paradoxically" bring women greater personal freedom. The measures prescribed by the Islamic dress constitutes a "new maturity" dar.18
---------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------- -18 Malise Ruthven, Islam in the World. Harmondsworth: Penguin 1991st
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The Apology of Islam
When the Islamic fundamentalists early 1995 in Algiers as revenge for the four of the French special forces killed in the hijacking terrorists murdered four Catholic priests, said the cardinal of Paris, Jean-Marie Lustiger, that this is a drama "for the balance of our two civilizations is. Not a very militant reaction: four people killed may be safely start as the limit of the domination-free dialogue. In the period (6 January 1995), however, rebelled Joachim Fritz-Vannahme - not the four murders, but about Cardinal Lustiger: "The killers were from Funny the desired answer. Murder is now more than murder, a civil war is interpreted by the 'other side' as a religious war"
No outlandish interpretation, as the Algerian Islamists kapriziert in their civil war in four foreign Christians had not Muslim Algerian citizens. (According to Time, 9 January 1995, the extremist Islamists in Algeria have sworn to the land of "Jews, Christians and foreigners who are part of a colonialist plot 'to clear.) Funny is just as religious warriors to the complicity of the Islamic fundamentalists who a religious war , although they long for, that the civil war as a religious war ... One thing, however, at least, the time commentator clearly "other side is not good." No enemy! As if it were not an expression of distressing intellectual and political failure in the GIA not to see the enemy of all that the West is worth defending. A full apology for the fundamentalist Islamic movements John L. Esposito submitted, a professor of Middle East Studies at the College of theHoly Cross.19
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19 John L. Esposito, The Islamic Threat. Myth or Reality? New York: Oxford University Press 1992. Meanwhile, as the paperback edition (1994).
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"represent the past years, most Islamic movements of a populist , participatory, pluralistic political position and commitment for democracy, human rights and economic reform. "As an example, Esposito, among other things, the Algerian FIS. Esposito's white laundry is mainly based on five arguments, that are found in most other enemy-Islam-critics. First, the fundamentalists a "set is rich diversity" of many groups, no single movement (fundamentalism is not it). Second, you are "authentic populist movements "preserve the cultural identity and roots help. Third, they are not anti-modern. Fourth, among its members, especially the leadership, there are many, especially technically and scientifically educated. Fifth: They reject almost all from violence.
"Diversity" and "variety" are certainly one of the most frequently used words in Esposito's book. Just as there is an Islam, any more than there is a fundamentalist movement. Islamic politics is just not "monolithic, but have produced" a rich diversity "of guides and forms. But what does that prove for these movements? Anyone with a look at the history Fascism has cast knows that there is not fascism, but rather a "rich diversity" of fascist movements. But they are all, in different forms and varying degrees of evil. some of Bassam Tibi, or Aziz Al-Azmeh (Mercury, No. 556, July 1995) - - And yes, it also has been pointed out that all these different movements but have important similarities, not on a preference for the secular state, democracy, pluralism and human rights include lassen.20
------------------------------------- ------------------------------------------------ 20 » The ideologies of contemporary Islamist movements are Substantially similar in content and objectives. "R. Hrair Dekmejian, Islam in Revolution. Fundamentalism in the ArabWorld. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press 1995th See also Rolf pride, the mullahs on the Rhine. The advance of Islam in Europe. Munich: Herbig 1994th
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"Islamic movements may sometimes be hostile to foreigners, but are rarely anti-modern ", notes Esposito. He is - as the fundamentalists also - apparently from a severely reduced expression of modernity. Certainly do not back the fundamentalists in the Middle Ages the sense that they give up computers and modern medicine (including the International of the neo-Nazis on the Internet is driving around) or to the modern science and technology. This is about is a concept of (natural) science as a supplier of finished and solid truths - that must of modern science underlying principle of skepticism, the constant questioning and disputing any results, theories and methods foreign to them sein.21
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21 For the attitude of Islamists towards knowledge and knowledge acquisition, natural and Sozial-/Geisteswissenschaften see Sadik Al-Azm, discomfort in the modern era. Enlightenment in Islam.Frankfurt: Fischer 1993rd Regardless of Islamism and the question of the scientific understanding was raised in the Islamic world, the urgent problem of illiteracy. The majority of Muslims are illiterate in derWelt, in the Islamic Republic of Pakistan 70-80 percent. Early eighties, Raphael Patai wrote: still "The Arab world as a whole is one of the most illiterate areas in the world, and the illiteracy of women is, men roughly, twice as high as that of" (The Arab Mind.. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1983, Revised Edition). See also the article by dieter knows why the Muslims were left behind? in time (May 13, 1994).
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The fact that the Islamic fundamentalists do not his opponent of modernity, can result for Esposito from the fact that many of its members have enjoyed a modern education. That people with high education can not be so bad, is a particularly in people with high educational level common misconception. The Third Reich or Stalinist us not teach you better. The opinion
Esposito, the majority of the Islamists reject violence, is also shared by Udo Steinbach. "The main power of the Islamists," he said in an interview this week (January 6, 1995), I'd say about 90 percent, "wanted to achieve the goal of a" 'Islamic order' "" by peaceful means. To Example, the Islamic Welfare Party in Turkey. Also a part of the Algerian FIS should be democratic in that sense. "(It would far more democratic than they want to abolish democracy by peaceful means.) In Islam in Revolution, his study of fundamentalism in the Arab world, are in the annex a Dekmejian list of "Islamist societies in the Arab World (1970s-1990s)" and classifies them including their degree of militancy, a (high - medium - low). quotes from the 175 groups that Dekmejian, 119 groups are characterized by high militancy. Although Steinbach admits that the desired Islamic order "at the end ... possibly on something totalitarian amounts, "he said," Not the Islam as such is our enemy, "but one that with militancy and terror," the conversion of the existing order aims. " The Islamic regime is being implemented already in some states, and she has quite decided in all cases is something totalitarian. That the established Islamic order by peaceful means will differ materially is rather unlikely. But more important perhaps than the question of when to whom we regard as enemies, is how we relate to movements and states which we see as enemies, and do so regardless of whether we respond to their feelings or not.
"The vast majority of Islamic organizations are moderate and work within the system" assures Esposito. Sheikh Mohammed Al-Gazzali is one of the many Islamist desk workers within the system. He is the recipient of Saudi Arabia Faisal Prize for Services to Islam and an award of the Pakistani state and the Algerian government, which had taken him under their Arabization and Islamisierungspolitik the great mosque of Constantine, he complains that today, while been his stay in Algeria in the construction of the FIS to be involved. Al-Gazzali is a theologian at Al-Azhar, which government officials. In the trial of the murderer Farag Fodas22
------------------------------------------ ------------------------------------------- 22 Foda had suggested his opponents, the Muslim fundamentalists, he the occasion of a series of discussions at the Cairo University Ain al-Shams to face. On a day in June 1991, Foda a letter: 'We are ready for discussion \u0026lt;The next day he was murdered. The Organization of Islamic Jihad (more sacred war) that had killed him, said: "The discussion has taken place, the verdict was" 'Quoted in Amir Taheri, kill for Allah.. Terrorism on behalf of the mullahs. Munich: Knaur 1993rd
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end of June 1993 in Cairo, he appeared as a witness the defense to have. He explained that everyone who - as Farag Foda - oppose the imposition of Islamic law, was a heretic who would be killed if he did not regret his actions and change. For those who killed heretics, it is known in the Islamic law has no penalty. He accused the Egyptian courts not to apply Islamic law. The enforcement of the existing death penalty under Islamic law constitutes a religious duty, even though the courts have not imposed. Al-Gazzali, is the author of one authoritative book on "Islamic human rights" can be praised, the sympathy and support of parliamentarians and the conservative circles of the Egyptian establishment, to be sure. Why should he complete his Islamism and has called for lynching itself into action and exposing themselves to the dangers of illegal? There are plenty of militant groups who know what to do when Al-Gazzali speaks.
After all the Islamists committed or threatened murder and violence against writers, intellectuals, artists in the Islamic world from Algeria to Bangladesh wrote Malise Ruthven in the London Review of Books (July 6, 1995), that Islamism is not a "totalitarian onslaught comparable to attacks on intellectuals in Nazi Germany or the former Soviet bloc "was. It is difficult to see why that should not be similar: In all three cases, the non-adjusting prepare intellectuals finally been silenced, exiled or dead - also states at Ruthven, that the family and the "private family space" under Islamist rule remain sacrosanct, because they were protected by the Sharia. Speak against the activities of the Islamic Revolutionary Committee in the Islamic Iran and the religious police (muttawin) in fundamentalist Saudi Arabia and the case of the professor at the University of Cairo, Nasser Hamed Abuzaid, who was indicted for his books on Islamic law of heresy and its divorce from his wife, Ibthial Yunis Abuzaid, an Egyptian court - against both will - on 14 Decreed in June 1995. He was an apostate whose releases attacking Islam, and could not continue to remain married to his Muslim wife.
Olivier Roy The Failure of Political Islam is a brilliant analysis of the Islamic Fundamentalismus.23
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23 Olivier Roy, The Failure of Political Islam. Cambridge (Mass.): Harvard University Press 1994th
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The central thesis of Roy's - the title gives a hint - states that Islamism is also where he came to power, have historically failed, so far as it not a "new society, not" have created new political forms. " He now serves only as a facade of a political logic that eludes him, namely the logic of traditional ethnic, tribal and local divisions and power struggles. "It's not like that Islamism will disappear from the political scene. On the contrary - from Pakistan to Algeria, he is spreading, is becoming commonplace and integrated into the policy and put pressure on customs and conflicts from Roy interprets but as an integration of Islamists into the existing order, their "social democratization, as he did. expresses itself. This is exactly but I believe incorrectly, that is taking place is the opposite of social democracy: that the socialist revolution is bourgeois, but the middle class socialist, to stay in Roy's image. La revanche de Dieu says Gilles Kepel, "it would be wrong to assume that the re-Islamization> \u0026lt;from below in their rejection of the secular and democratic form of society would be less radical than Hezbollah and other soldiers of jihad" 24
----- -------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------ 24 Gilles Kepel, La revanche de Dieu. Chr'etiens, juifs et musulmans du `a la reconquete monde. Paris: Editions du Seuil 1991st
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According to Tibi is "the fundamentalist world view that prevails today among the Muslims "25
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25 Bassam Tibi, the fundamentalist challenge. Islam in world politics. Munich: Beck 1992nd
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It is not certain that the attempt in the established elites countries such as Egypt or Pakistan, the populist Islamism to use to power backup and him to make even more concessions, Success. David Lamb, "step by step, the governments with the fundamentalists retreated, so that they hardly travel remained"
The history of the Iranian revolution shows how much the mistaken who believe Islamism use for their purposes. can (what you might call the Papen-Schleicher-error). If you are in exile, underground or stone dead. Algeria, which was already five years after independence with the policy of re-Islamization and Arabization was started and finally - in particular from Egypt - literally called fundamentalist spirits will not let go was a further example of As Roy says that error dar. Dekmejian also in terms of political Islam from a failure - but from a failure of Arab regimes in their attempts to keep "Islamism by a mixture of co-optation and coercion under control," and then introduces a long list of examples. An overview of the history of Islamist movements in the 20th Century leave "in the course of the century, an unstoppable movement to recognize towards radicalism."
It is certainly true that the Islamists have established a new company, which would always be the criteria for a new society. But you also can not be doubted that the present-day Iran differs considerably from that of the Shah's regime. (The Germans also have created a new company, yet important and also very unpleasant changes enforced.) The fact that the Islamists are no solutions for the central problems of Islamic countries have to show is evident. But this does not mean that they must make politically unsuccessful. Pol Pot's model of society was surely inappropriate for solving the real problems of Cambodia, but the consequences of the application of this model were very real and terrible. seems Given the consequences of anti-modern, anti-Western fascist and communist society it models especially in the interests of those affected advised that the anti-modern and anti-Western Islamist model of society that opportunity, "itself" to discredit, as proposed by Esposito from a safe distance, not to give. At least one should not support it.
After the assassination of the Japanese Igarashi, the translator of Rushdie's The Satanic Verses, said the spokesman of the Pakistan Association of Japan, "Since Japan is not an Islamic country, in breach of the assassination of the Japanese law, but under Islamic law is the means in order. We have today congratulated. We were all really happy. "Japan is a secular state. The Muslims there enjoy religious freedom. Islam see because of their polytheism to Japanese Shintoists only conversion to Islam, the execution or enslavement. The spokesman of the Pakistan Association of Japan complained that the Japanese were "like animals. "You do not pay attention to religion of others. We must teach them a lesson. "26
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26 Quoted by Daniel Easterman.
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I said, we still know too little. Siegfried Kohlhammer out Mercury, Nr.558/559, September / October 1995 and No. 631, November 2001
From Mercury, Nr.558/559, September / October 1995 and No. 631, November 2001
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